1. Acceptable Noise Level

Author: John WyndhamPublisher: Penguin UKISBN:Category: FictionPage: 192View: 184'The Sun Bird was beginning to travel fast, close to the edge of the whirlpool. They could look right down into the hollow of spinning water' While flying over Africa's New Sea, a water project in the heart of the Sahara desert, Mark Sunnet's rocket plane crashes and is sucked through a hole in the desert floor into a strange, cavernous new world. There, he and his partner Margaret encounter the survivors of an ancient race of underground dwellers whose whole existence is now threatened.

Captured and forced to live with other prisoners taken from the surface, the pair know that they must escape before the waters above drown them all. The Secret People, published in 1935, is John Wyndham's first novel. 'Perhaps the best writer of science fiction England has ever produced' Stephen King. Author: Melusine DracoPublisher: John Hunt PublishingISBN:Category: Body, Mind & SpiritPage: 240View: 229Much of what passes for ‘witchcraft’ today was everyday knowledge to our forebears, especially those who lived and worked in the countryside. Here were to be found practical household hints, remedies and family recipes that had been handed down from generation to generation, some still existing in the form of treasured journals and notebooks. There is, however, nothing fanciful or far-fetched about this information - in fact, The Secret People is a remembrance of times past and a preservation of ‘parish-pump witchcraft, wise-women and cunning ways’ adapted for use in the 21st century.

It may also go a long way in helping those present-generation pagans in search of an identity and answer the questions: Who. Author: Raymond F. JonesPublisher: Hachette UKISBN:Category: FictionPage: 320View: 497When human genes go wild, reproduction can no longer be left to chance - and it is Robert Wellton, Chief of the Genetics Bureau, the most feared and hated man in the world, who decides who will mate with whom. But nobody can tell Wellton whom to mate with! He alone knows that the Genetics Program is collapsing, for fewer Normals are found each yer - and his father, who had been Genetics Chief before him, had discovered that not all Deviates are nature's failures.

Some are telepathic and long-lived - like Robert Wellton himself. Thus is born the plan that Adam Wellton conceived and that Robert Wellton carries on - the creation of a Secret People. Born of Normal mothers, they are all Wellton's sons and daughters, bearing his improved genes - living hidden in a colony in the Canadian wilderness, protected from the hate and jealousy of civilization by Wellton, who stays in telepathic touch with them. But disaster strikes when a bitter powerful committee, suspecting the existence of concealed Deviates, begins a relentless search for them. Wellton knows there can be only one result - he Secret People will be hunted down and wiped out!

FLEMINGPublisher: Afterthought PublicationsISBN:Category:Page: 212View: 410'We all have our hidden secrets.' Lesley Whitney receives the call from Sheriff Branshee that her famous father, archaeologist Arthur Whitney, is missing while exploring Native American sites in the Four Corners, Lesley enters a life and death struggle, thrust into the realm of Navajo Sorcerers and the Inorganic Beings. Inspired by the works of Carlos Castaneda, 'The Secret People' follows Lesley in her search for the truth as she confronts her past and her soured relationship with her father, as well as her current relationship with her lover, Jonathan.

With the help of archaeologist, Alan Hall, and the Navajo sorceress, Pine Leaf, Lesley learns that what often appears logical and simple at first glance, can become frighteningly complex and illusory in real life. Author: Anita E. KellyPublisher: Springer Science & Business MediaISBN:Category: PsychologyPage: 263View: 116The public revelation of what were once considered extremely private matters is becoming a new social norm. Has this movement toward openness gone too far? Are there negative consequences to revealing secrets? When and why is it helpful to reveal secrets? What can be done to alleviate the burden of secrecy?

Will the anguish of keeping a secret pass in time? What factors should enter into deciding to reveal a secret? This book addresses these questions. HughesPublisher: Laurie KuntzISBN:Category: Biography & AutobiographyPage:View: 527This book is an anonymous collection of real diary entries received from people who responded to an ad on Craigslist.org.

It contains true personal stories written by a variety of different women, and captures the love, heartbreak, and raw emotion that they experience in their lives and within their relationships. Have you ever wondered what makes people tick?

Or if you're normal? This book is full of genuine 'dear diary' entries where women talk about their innermost thoughts - they confess what it feels like to have an affair, experiment with cutting, lose their virginity, participate in group sex, have an abortion, struggle with mental illness, or lose a friend to suicide. These are the sometimes funny, sometimes sad, and always fascinating real life private experiences that expose The Secret Lives of People. The book is part 'The Diary of Anne Frank,' if it were written in modern-day America by a variety of adult women, and part 'The Glass Castle,' with a little bit of '50 Shades of Gray' thrown in for good measure. The book gives readers the guilty pleasure of reading a stranger's diary, while at the same time, giving a voice to people who wanted to share their deepest secrets, without the fear of judgment. Book is NOT suitable for minors.Search for.

Eye movements provide insights about a wide range of brain functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition; hence, the measurement of eye movements is an important tool in neuroscience research. We describe a method, based on magnetic sensing, for measuring eye movements in head-fixed and freely moving mice.

A small magnet was surgically implanted on the eye, and changes in the magnet angle as the eye rotated were detected by a magnetic field sensor. Systematic testing demonstrated high resolution measurements of eye position of. Many behaviors, from navigation and predation to avoidance of danger and pursuit of mates, are guided by vision (;;;; ). Vision is actively controlled by eye movements, which localize and stabilize images on the retina. Therefore, eye movements are often measured in studies of visually guided behaviors, both for documentation and control of the visual inputs impinging on the retina, and as a behavioral output.

The analysis of eye movements can provide a window on a variety of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, such as attention, learning and memory, and decision-making (;;; ). Moreover, abnormal eye movements are associated with numerous cognitive disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease (;;; ). Thus, the measurement of eye movements can advance our understanding of the sophisticated neural processes underlying a wide range of functions in healthy and diseased brains.Given their broad utility, measurements of eye movements have been routinely implemented in neuroscientific studies of primates.

In contrast, such measurements are uncommon in mice, a species that is widely used in molecular and genetic studies of behavior. Although less dependent on vision than primates, mice encode visual input with high selectivity , and use vision for a variety of functions including navigation (;;; ), avoidance of predators , and recognition of territorial boundaries. Eye movements can alter the visual experience during these behaviors, and thus provide key information about how these behaviors are controlled. However, measurement of eye movements in mice is technically challenging.The main obstacle to measuring eye movements in mice is their diminutive size. In particular, the small eye restricts what can be implanted on the eye’s surface: average eye diameter is only 3.4 mm in mice , compared to 6.4 mm in rat , 9.2 mm in chicken , 18 mm in rabbit , and 21 mm in rhesus macaque. The small size of the head and body also impede measurement of eye movements, especially during free motion, by restricting what can be affixed to the skull and carried by the mouse.

Whereas neuroscientific studies of awake, behaving primates are typically conducted in head-fixed animals, behavioral paradigms in mice often leverage locomotion (;;; ), nose pokes , foraging (; ), social interaction , or other complex behaviors that require freedom of motion. The power of such behavioral paradigms has motivated significant efforts to analyze head and body kinematics (;;;;; ) and to image the activity of neural populations (;;; ) in freely moving mice. However, measurements of eye movements have been lacking in these studies, even for visually guided behaviors such as navigation. Thus, a method for analyzing eye movements in unrestrained mice would be a powerful tool for advancing our understanding of the murine behavioral repertoire and its neural underpinnings. Previously, the only eye tracking method compatible with free motion in small animals was the electro-oculogram, which is susceptible to inaccuracies.

Recently, video-oculography was used to measure visually driven eye movements in mice without head restraint, however the mice were constrained to a small platform, and only 20% of the measurements were useable. Here, we address the need for an accurate and reliable technique to measure eye movements in mice during the broad range of freely moving behaviors used in neuroscience research.Our approach was designed to overcome the major limitations of previous eye tracking methods in mice, the most popular of which are the eye coil method and video-oculography. The eye coil, or scleral search coil, technique is considered the gold standard for measuring eye movements in most species (;;;;; ). A small coil of wire is surgically implanted beneath the conjunctiva on the surface of the eye, and eye position is determined from the current generated in the wire by an external magnetic field. A major advantage of the eye coil method is that it has high spatial (0.1°) and temporal (.

The performance of the magnetic eye tracking system was first tested outside the mouse, where the position of the magnet and sensor could be precisely controlled, allowing systematic comparison of different magnet-sensor alignments. Initially, a 0.75 × 2 mm cylinder magnet was positioned directly below and adjacent to the sensor, with the N-S axis of the magnet parallel to the plane of the sensor, and the magnet’s axis of rotation aligned to the center of the sensor (, left, with δ = 0 mm). When the magnet was rotated ±90° about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the sensor, the magnetic sensor produced a voltage that depended on the angle of the magnet (, center, black traces). ( A) Output of the magnetic sensor when a 0.75 × 2 mm cylinder magnet was rotated by a servo-controlled motor. Left, Schematic showing the relative position and orientation of the magnet and sensor, the axis of magnet rotation ( dashed line and arrow) and the dimension along which magnet position was varied (δ, red arrow). Middle, Output from each channel of the magnetic sensor as vertical distance (δ) between the magnet and the surface of the sensor was varied from 0 mm ( black) to 5 mm ( light grey) (n = 5 repeated measurements).

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Acceptable Noise Level

Right, Sensitivity of each channel of the magnetic sensor at each distance from the magnet. In this and all panels, SEM for repeated measurements was smaller than the symbol size. ( B) Same as in ( A), but the magnet was offset horizontally (δ) from both its axis of rotation and the center of the sensor. Vertical distance was fixed at 3 mm. ( C) Same as in ( B), but the sensor was offset horizontally from the center of the magnet, which rotated about its center. ( D) Same as in ( B), but comparing horizontal orientation of the magnet as in ( A) with a 45° tilt relative to the plane of the sensor (p=0.168, n = 5 repeated measurements, two sample t-test).

Vertical distance between the center of the magnet and the sensor was fixed at 3 mm.The magnetic sensor we used has two channels, which relay output from two sets of magnetoresistive elements at a 45° orientation relative to each other, so that the position tuning of the two channels is offset by 45° (, center). Hence, during normal eye movements in mice, which are typically within ±10–20° , at least one of the two channels should operate close to its range of greatest sensitivity and linearity (near 0° for Channel 1, and 45° for Channel 2 in, center).Robustness to deviations in magnet-sensor alignment is necessary for magnetic eye tracking in vivo, since surgical implantation of the magnet and sensor will inevitably result in some variation in placement. Most notably, the magnet cannot be directly adjacent to the sensor when implanted in the mouse eye. Therefore, we tested the effect of increasing the distance to the magnet on the sensitivity of the sensor to the angular position of the magnet. Sensitivity was calculated as the slope of the relationship between magnetic sensor voltage and angular position of the magnet, averaged in a ±22.5° range centered on the zero-crossings of each channel.

Sensitivity decreased from 224.7 ± 0.3 mV/° at 0 mm to 28.1 ± 1.0 mV/° at 5 mm (average sensitivity of the two channels; sensitivity for each channel is shown separately in, right). Notably, at 3 mm, a distance readily achievable in mice (see Materials and methods), the sensitivity was 127.0 ± 1.2 mV/°. This corresponded to a spatial resolution, as measured by the standard deviation of the signal at rest, of 0.016° ± 0.005°, which is nearly an order of magnitude below the noise floor measured by the best eye tracking methods in mice. Results obtained using a 1.5 × 0.5 mm disc magnet were similar to those for the cylinder magnet, with a sensitivity of 90.9 ± 0.7 mV/° at a distance of 3 mm.

Because of its marginally greater sensitivity, we focused on the cylinder magnet for all subsequent measurements.In addition to characterizing how sensitivity varied with the vertical distance between the magnet and sensor, the effect of horizontal distance (displacement within a plane parallel to the plane of the sensor) was tested. In the animal, the magnet will not rotate exactly about its center, but instead will be horizontally offset by the radius of the eye. We tested the impact of this offset by fixing the vertical distance between magnet and sensor at 3 mm, and then horizontally displacing the magnet from the midpoint of the sensor and from its axis of rotation. Sensitivity decreased with distance; nevertheless, the signals were still more than half maximum at 1.5 mm of horizontal offset , which corresponds to the radius of the mouse eye.

When the sensor, rather than the magnet, was displaced from the axis of rotation, sensitivity decreased in a similar manner. Therefore, the sensor’s ability to detect magnet angle is robust to horizontal as well as vertical variations in magnet-sensor alignment of magnitudes that would be expected in vivo.Finally, we tested the effect of tilting the N-S axis of the magnet relative to the plane of the sensor, which also may occur during implantation. Tilting the magnet by 45° did not affect sensitivity (127.8 ± 4 mV/° no tilt, 128.0 ± 2.0 mV/° with 45° tilt, ).

Magnetic tracking of eye movements in mice. After characterizing the performance of the magnetic eye tracking system outside the mouse, we implemented magnetic eye tracking in head-fixed mice. A cylinder magnet was surgically implanted beneath the conjunctiva on the temporal margin of one eye, with the N-S axis aligned so that it created a rotating magnetic field during horizontal (nasal-temporal) eye movements (; see Materials and methods). A magnetic sensor was affixed to the skull in a plane roughly parallel to the nasal-temporal axis of the eye.

The head was restrained, via a surgically implanted head post, with the nasal-temporal axis of the eye in an earth-horizontal plane. ( A) Schematic of the magnetic eye tracking system, illustrating the orientation of the sensor relative to the magnet and eye. The magnet was implanted beneath the conjunctiva on the temporal side of the eye. The sensor was soldered to an 8-pin connector and positioned over the magnet in a plane parallel to that of horizontal (nasal-temporal) eye movements. An implanted head post was used to restrain the head so that the nasal-temporal axis of the eye was earth-horizontal. ( B) Raw output from both channels of the magnetic sensor ( blue traces) during the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in one example mouse. A vestibular stimulus ( black trace, head position) was delivered by rotating the animal about an earth-vertical axis in the dark (0.2 Hz to 5 Hz, peak velocity ±10°/s).

( C) Raw output from the magnetic sensor during the optokinetic response (OKR). A visual stimulus ( black trace) was delivered by rotating a vertically striped drum, which surrounded the mouse, about an earth-vertical axis (0.2 Hz to 5 Hz, peak velocity ±10°/s).The ability of the magnetic eye tracking system to detect eye movements was tested by delivering vestibular and visual stimuli known to evoke eye movements in head-fixed mice. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) drives compensatory eye movements in response to passive head rotation in the dark, in mice (;;; ) as in other species.

Accordingly, when vestibular stimuli were delivered to mice implanted with the magnetic eye tracking system, the magnetic sensor detected robust eye movements driven by the VOR. Sinusoidal vestibular stimuli at a range of stimulus frequencies from 0.2 Hz to 5 Hz elicited sinusoidal eye movements at the corresponding frequencies.The magnetic eye tracking approach was also effective at detecting visually-driven eye movements in head-fixed mice. The optokinetic reflex (OKR) drives image-stabilizing eye movements in response to motion of a visual stimulus, in mice (; ) as in other species. Accordingly, when a striped drum was rotated around the mouse, the magnetic sensor detected robust eye movements driven by the OKR, at all stimulus frequencies tested (0.2 Hz–5 Hz; ).

Thus, the magnetic eye tracking system can detect both vestibularly- and visually-driven eye movements in head-fixed mice. Calibration of magnetic eye tracking using dual-angle video-oculography. To convert the raw output of the magnetic sensor (in volts) to eye position (in degrees), we developed an inexpensive yet accurate calibration system based on video-oculography.

A major motivation for developing magnetic eye tracking in mice was to overcome the limitations of video-oculography, such as its limited spatial resolution and the incompatibility with free motion of the animal, which restrict its use for certain applications. However, these limitations do not preclude the use of video-oculography for calibration of the magnetic sensor.We modified a standard video-oculography technique to simplify implementation and improve accuracy. In species other than primates, eye position is typically computed from video measurements using an estimate of R p, the distance of the pupil from the center of corneal curvature (; ). However, difficulty in estimating R p and variations in R p across individuals and during the course of an experiment are sources of inaccuracy (;;;;; ). We eliminated the need to estimate R p by using simultaneous image capture of the eye from two cameras. By positioning the cameras at a known, fixed angle relative to each other (40°, in our setup) and extracting the locations of the pupil and a reference corneal reflection (CR) in each camera’s image, the angle of the eye can be calculated using simple trigonometric identities (; see Materials and methods).

To validate the dual-angle video-oculography system, two mice were anesthetized and the cameras were rotated at known angles around one eye, over a ± 25° range. The eye position measured with video-oculography agreed closely with true position over the full range. Thus, dual-angle video-oculography accurately reports eye position, and hence can be used to calibrate the signals recorded by the magnetic sensor.