Bangladesh An Untold Story By Sharif Ul Haq Pdf Merge
Ambassador Lt. (R) Shariful Haq Dalim was born in 1946. He joined Pakistan air-force in 1964. After the 1965 Indo-Pak war switched over to army and served till April 1971.
He was one of the first batch of officers who escaped from West Pakistan and joined the liberation war in 1971. Received highest living gallantry award Bir-Uttam. As one of the founding member, contributed Ambassador Lt.
(R) Shariful Haq Dalim was born in 1946. He joined Pakistan air-force in 1964. After the 1965 Indo-Pak war switched over to army and served till April 1971. He was one of the first batch of officers who escaped from West Pakistan and joined the liberation war in 1971.
Received highest living gallantry award Bir-Uttam. As one of the founding member, contributed immensely in organizing Bangladesh army and faced pre-matured retirement under presidential order no. 9 (PO-9) during autocratic regime of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1974. After the historic uprising that brought the change of government on 15th August 1975, got reinstated in the army and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1976, he was placed with the ministry of foreign affairs and was posted to People's Republic of China as a diplomat. In 1980, got attached with the Bangladesh high commission in London.
In 1982, was posted to Hong Kong as commissioner. In 1988, he was posted as the high commissioner for Bangladesh to Kenya with concurrent accreditation to Tanzania. Simultaneously, was also accredited as permanent representative to UN.
During the Somalian war, he was assigned additional responsibility to look after the interests of the Bangladesh army contingent that was sent there as a part of the UN Peacekeeping Force. He got retired from the govt. Service in 1995.
.Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a who became the after declaring in 1977. He served as the from 1978 until his death in 1988. He remains the country’s longest-serving head of state.Educated at, Zia saw action in as a officer in and, before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a in the. In 1970, he led a to, proving instrumental to defeating the against. In recognition, Prime Minister appointed Zia in 1976. Following civil disorder, Zia deposed Bhutto in a and declared martial law on 5 July 1977.
Bhutto was controversially tried by the and executed less than two years later, for allegedly authorising the, a political opponent.Assuming the presidency in 1978, Zia played a major role in the. Backed by the United States and, Zia systematically coordinated the against the throughout the 1980s. This culminated in the 's in 1989, but also led to the of millions of, with heroin and weaponry into Pakistan's. On the foreign front, Zia also bolstered ties with and the United States, and emphasised Pakistan's role in the, while with worsened amid the and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the. Domestically, Zia passed broad-ranging legislation as part of, curbed civil liberties, and heightened.
He also escalated Pakistan's, and instituted industrialisation and, helping Pakistan's economy become the fastest-growing in South Asia. Averaged over Zia's rule, was the highest in the country's history.After lifting martial law and holding in 1985, Zia appointed Prime Minister but accumulated more presidential powers via the to the. After Junejo signed the in 1988 against Zia's wishes, and called for an inquiry into the, Zia dismissed Junejo's government and announced fresh elections in November 1988. He was killed along with several of his top military officials and two American diplomats in a mysterious plane crash near on 17 August 1988. To this day, Zia remains a figure in Pakistan's, credited for preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity, but decried for weakening democratic institutions and passing laws encouraging religious intolerance. He is also cited for promoting the early political career of, who would be thrice elected Prime Minister. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq with his father (1929)Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born in a Punjabi family in, of, on 12 August 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the administrative corps of the of of in Delhi and Simla, prior to the of from British colonial rule in 1947.He completed his initial education in and then attended of the for his degree in History, from which he graduated with distinction in 1943.
He was admitted to the at, graduating in May 1945 among the last group of officers to be commissioned before the independence of India. During his collegiate years, he was noted as an extraordinary talent.He married in 1950.
Begum Shafiq Zia died on 6 January 1996. Zia is survived by his sons, (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1960) and his daughters, Zain (born 1972), a special needs child, Rubina Saleem, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980, and Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid. Military service Zia was commissioned in the in the on 12 May 1943 after graduating from the Officer Training School Mhow and fought against forces in in. After Pakistan gained its through a in 1947, Zia joined the newly formed as a Captain in the.
He also served in. He was trained in the United States during 1962–1964 at the at,. After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at,. During the, Zia is said to have been the Assistant of the 101st Infantry Brigade.He was then promoted as and was appointed commander of the at Multan in 1975.
It was during this time that Zia invited Prime Minister as the of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols of his size. Some critics revealed that, on some occasions Zia even polished the shoes of Mr.Bhutto in order to get Bhutto loyalty. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the target was quite obviously hit. After the function, Zia met Bhutto and expressed his loyalty to him.On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a surprised, approved then-three star rank general Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to four-star rank.This promotion was ahead of a number of more senior officers.
This promotion was highly controversial but had political motives for Bhutto, who saw Zia as firmly religious and an apolitical military figure who had distaste of politics. This was the same motives and move made by future Prime minister who promoted based on his political ambitious, as Chief of Army Staff, but met the same fate as Bhutto in 1999 (although he was not executed).At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were:, Akbar Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Abdul Majeed Malik, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
Bangladesh An Untold Story By Sharif Ul Haq Pdf Merger
But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals. However, the senior most at that time, Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the of the, a constitutional post akin to President. Zia never called Bhutto 'Mr. Prime Minister', instead he called him sir when speaking to him. Planning of coup Part of on. — General Zia-ul-Haq, statement given to Newsweek,However, Zia's General contradicted Zia's statement when Arif noted that the coup had already been planned, and the senior leadership of had solid information. Therefore, Arif met with Bhutto on an emergency basis, stressing and urging Bhutto to 'rush negotiations with the opposition'.
By Arif's and independent expert's accounts, the talks had not broken down even though the coup was very much in the offing. Zia further argued that Fair Play against Bhutto had been necessitated by the prospect of a civil war that Bhutto had been planning, by distributing weapons to his supporters. However, Arif strongly rejected Zia's remarks on Bhutto, and citing no evidence that weapons were found or recovered at any of the party's election offices, the military junta did not prosecute Bhutto on the charge of planning civil war.Immediately, the Admiral announced his and the navy's strong support for Zia and his military government. But, the General remains unsupported while the General remains neutral, while he silently expressed his support to Prime minister Zulfikar Bhutto. In 1978, Zia pressured President to appoint General as Chief of Air Staff; and Admiral as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979.
On Zia's recommendation, President Illahi appointed Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, hence making the Admiral the highest ranking officer and principal military adviser overlooking all of the inter-services, including the Chiefs of Staff of the respected forces. In 1979, the Chiefs of Army, Navy, and the Air Force, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff validated the coup as constitutional and legal under the war-torn circumstances, pledging their support to Zia as well. United States sponsorship. President and meeting with President Zia-ul-Haq, 1982.The United States, notably the, was an ardent supporter of Zia's military regime and a close ally of Pakistan's conservative-leaning ruling military establishment. The Reagan administration declared Zia's regime as the 'front line' ally of the United States in the fight against the threat of Communism. American legislators and senior officials most notable were, and the civilian intelligence officers and, and senior US military officials General, and General Herbert M. Wassom, had been long associated with the Zia military regime where they had made frequent trips to Pakistan advising on expanding the idea of establishment in the political circle of Pakistan.
Nominally, the of 's influenced Zia to adopt his idea of as the primary line of his military government, forcefully enforcing the Islamic and other religious practices in the country.The socialist orientation had greatly alarmed the capitalist forces in Pakistan and as well as brought a clinging bell tolls alarm to the United States who feared the loss of Pakistan as an ally in the cold war. Many of Pakistan's political scientists and historians widely suspected that the riots and coup against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was orchestrated with help of the US (CIA) and the because United States growing fear of Bhutto's socialist policies which were seen as sympathetic towards the and had built a bridge that allowed Soviet Union to be involved in Pakistan, and had access through Pakistan's warm water port; something that the United States was unable to gain access since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. Former widely suspected the United States' involvement in bringing down the Bhutto's government, and publicly accused the United States' Government after attending the trial. On the other hand, the United States refused any involvement in Bhutto's fall, and argued that it was Bhutto who had alienated himself over the five years. While witnessing the dramatic fall of Bhutto, one US diplomat in wrote that:During Bhutto's five years in Pakistan's helm, Bhutto had retained an emotional hold on the poor masses who had voted him overwhelmingly in 1970s general elections. At the same time, however, Bhutto had many enemies. The socialist economics and nationalization of major private industries during his first two years on office had badly upsets the Business circles.
An ill-considered decision to take over the wheat-milling, rice-husking, sugar mills, and cotton-gaining, industries in July of 1976 had angered the small business owners and traders. Both leftists—socialists and communists, intellectuals, students, and trade unionists—felt betrayed by Bhutto's shift to centre-right wing conservative economics policies and by his growing collaboration with powerful feudal lords, Pakistan's traditional power brokers. After 1976, Bhutto's aggressive authoritarian personal style and often high-handed way of dealing with political rivals, dissidents, and opponents had also alienated many. Postponement of elections and call for accountability After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, Zia shortly appeared on national television, promising to hold new and neutral within the next 90 daysMy sole aim is to organise free and fair elections which would be held in October this year. Soon after the polls, power will be transferred to the elected representatives of the people.
I give a solemn assurance that I will not deviate from this schedule.He also stated that the had not been abrogated, but temporarily suspended. Zia did not trust the civilian institutions and legislators to ensure the country's integrity and sovereignty therefore, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the politicians. On television, Zia strongly defended his decision for postponing the elections and demanded that 'scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past'.
Thus, the PNA adopted its policy of ' first, elections later'. Zia's policy severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malicious.
Another motive was that Zia widely suspected that once out of power the size of the Pakistan Peoples Party rallies would swell and better performance in elections was possible. This led to request for postponement of elections by the right-wing Islamists as well as left-wing socialists, formerly allied with Bhutto, which displaced Bhutto in the first place. Zia dispatched an intelligence unit, known as ISI's Political Wing, sending Brigadier-General Taffazul Hussain Siddiqiui, to Bhutto's native Province, to assess whether people would accept martial law. The Political Wing also contacted the several right-wing Islamists and conservatives, promising an election, with PNA power-sharing the government with Zia. Zia successfully divided and separated the secular forces from right-wing Islamists and conservatives, and later purged each member of the secular front.A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been members of parliament were charged with and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts.It is reported by senior officers that when Zia met federal secretaries for the first time as leader of the country after martial law, he said that 'He does not possess the charisma of Bhutto, personality of or the legitimacy of ' thereby implying how can he be marketed. Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator After deposing Prime Minister Bhutto on 5 July 1977, Zia-ul-Haq declared martial law, and appointed himself Chief Martial Law Administrator, which he remained until becoming president on 16 September 1978.The Doctrine of Necessity.
Main article:, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against Zia's, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity (not to be confused with the 1954 ) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Trial Former elected Prime Minister was arrested during the coup but released shortly afterwards. Upon his release, Bhutto travelled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. On 3 September 1977, he was arrested again by the Army on charges of authorising the murder of a political opponent in March 1974.
The trial proceedings began 24 October 1977 and lasted five months.On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was declared guilty of murder and was sentenced to death.In the words of and, Zia hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insults to describe Bhutto and his colleagues. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician.
Despite many appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence.On 4 April 1979, Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the as passed by the.The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan. Bhutto's trial was highly controversial.Bhutto's last personal appearance and utterances in the supreme court were not merely a long defence of his conduct; he also made some matters clear. He mentioned the words of 'heir' for his son 'Mir Murtaza Bhutto'.
He made some remark which indicated that he has views similar to a Sunni, though he was Shia albeit a non-practicing one. He also effectively cast doubt on the reliability of star witnesses against him i.e. Masood Mahmood who was a UK-trained lawyer and not merely a police officer and FSF chief. He mentioned repeatedly Lahori Ahmedi connection of Masood Mahmood in his testimony. He repeatedly brought the subject of his maltreatment in the death cell. Bhutto made it abundantly clear, even though indirectly that he wanted either freedom or death, not some thing in between, and appreciated Khar and his lawyer Yahya Bakhtiar.
Appointment of Martial Law Administrators Martial law judges. Main article:The Ad hoc appointments of at the of Pakistan was one of the earliest and major steps were taken out by the military government under General Zia-ul-Haq. Zia had recognised the fact that since, Bhutto had good equations with the governments of the, and all the important, excluding the. Still, it was a formidable array of sovereigns, presidents and prime ministers and the PPP can be forgiven for making a massive political miscalculations.After calling for martial law, Zia pressured President to appoint Justice to on 23 September 1977. Immediately, chief justice was forcefully removed from the office after the latter agreed to re-hear the petition filed at the supreme court by the peoples party's chairwoman on 20 September 1977. After Justice Yaqub Ali's removal, Bhutto objected to the inclusion of the new Chief Justice, Sheikh Anwar-ul-Haq, as a chief justice of the Bench on the grounds that by accepting the office of acting president during the absence of Zia-ul-Haq from the country, he had compromised his impartial status. Bhutto also stated that the Chief Justice in his public statements had been critical of his government in the recent past.The objection was over-ruled by the Chief Justice Anwarul Haq, and the case of Bhutto was again heard by the Chief Justice Anwar-ul-Haq as the bench's lead judge, and presided the whole case of while forcing the martial law throughout.
Shortly, after Zia's return, another judge also gained Zia and Anwar-ul-Haq's support and elevated as the ad hoc Chief Justice of; he was too part of the bench who retained the death sentence of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto even though Bhutto was not declared guilty of the murder of the political opponent. In 1979, when Zia departed for, Justice Haq served as interim president of Pakistan. Martial law governors.
Zia presenting the to.The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant-General was appointed Martial Law Administrator of. Lieutenant-General Fazle Haque was considered a strong vocal General and a strong man.
General Haque was the commander of the, and commanding-general officer of the Army elements responsible for fighting a secret war against Soviet Union. The second appointment was of Lieutenant-General S.M.
Abbasi who was appointed of; his tenure too saw civil disorder amid student riots. By contrast, third martial law administrator appointment of Lieutenant-General Ghulam Jilani Khan to the Punjab Province made much headway in beautifying Lahore extending infrastructure, and muting political opposition. The ascent of to was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship. Perhaps most crucially, final and fourth martial law administrator appointment was then-Lieutenant-General.
Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to the post of of saw the disbanding of the, the containment of Afghan Mujahideen, as well as the construction of nuclear test sites in the. Zia's tenure saw the influx of heroin, sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring. Law and order deterioration was worse after he appointed Mr. Junejo as Prime minister in 1985. 40 hadith for islamic schools pdf file. The government did not locate evidence of Zia having a relationship in the heroin trade, but has been considered.Zia benefited from the extremely capable martial law administrators who previously had worked with the military governments of former president and in the 1960s. One of the notable officers that had worked with him were General, and Admiral,. Both were noted by Western governments as highly capable and had wide experience from the military government of the and remained General Zia' confidential members.
Both Admiral Sharif and General Arif handled the matters efficiently if the matters were out of control by Zia. In 1979, Zia influenced the Navy's Promotion Board several times after he succeeded first in the appointment of Admiral as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979, and Admiral, also chief of naval staff, in 1983. On his request, then-President Fazal Illahi approved the appointment of General as Chief of Air Staff and following President's resignation, Zia appointed Shamim as the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. In the matters of serious national security, General Zia had taken the chief of air staff and chief of naval staff in confidence after he discussed the matters with the respected chiefs of Staff.
Zia's appointment in inter-services were highly crucial for his military government and pre-emptive measure to ensure the continuous loyalty of Navy and Air Force to himself and his new military government. Reign as President of Pakistan Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan.
General Zia-ul-Haq during a meeting with United States dignitariesDespite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a. After completing his term, and despite Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Chaudhry resigned, and Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country. Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly expanded his power.
Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will. This table needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( December 2018) The Military Government of General Zia-ul-HaqPresidential cabinetOfficer holderTermGeneral Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq195–1981982–1992Dr.195–1988,1977–1988Inamul Haq Khan198–198197–1988Ghulam Jilani KhanRahim Khan190–198197–198190–198193–1988.
Main articles:, andAlthough ostensibly only holding office until free elections could be held, General Zia, like the previous military governments, disapproved of the lack of discipline and orderliness that often accompanies multiparty '.' He preferred a 'presidential' form of government and a system of decision making by technical experts, or '. His first replacement for the parliament or National Assembly was a Majlis-e-Shoora, or 'consultative council.' After banning all political parties in 1979 he disbanded and at the end of 1981 set up the majlis, which was to act as a sort of board of advisors to the President and assist with the process of Islamization.The 350 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President and possessed only the power to consult with him, and in reality served only to endorse decisions already taken by the government.Most members of the Shoora were intellectuals, journalists, economists, and professionals in different fields.
Zia's parliament and his military government reflect the idea of 'military-bureaucratic technocracy' (MBT) where professionals, engineers, and high-profile military officers were initially part of his military government. His antipathy for the politicians led the promotion of bureaucratic-technocracy which was seen a strong weapon of countering the politicians and their political strongholds. Senior statesman and technocrats were included physicist-turned diplomat, jurist, corporate leader, economist, and senior statesman, and chemist-turned diplomat were a few of the leading technocratic figures in his military government.Referendum of 1984 After Bhutto's execution, momentum to hold elections began to mount both internationally and within Pakistan. But before handing over power to elected representatives, Zia-ul-Haq attempted to secure his position as the head of state. A was held on 19 December 1984 with the option being to elect or reject the General as the future President, the wording of the referendum making a vote against Zia appear to be a vote against Islam. According to official figures 95% of votes were cast in favour of Zia, however only 10% of the electorate participated in the referendum.1985 elections and constitutional amendments.
Main articles: andAfter holding the, Zia succumbed to international pressure and gave permission to to hold but without political parties in February 1985. Most of the decided to the elections but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other.
Critics complained that ethnic and sectarian mobilisation filled the void left by banning political parties (or making elections 'non-partisan'), to the detriment of national integration.The General worked to give himself the power to dismiss the Prime Minister dissolve the National Assembly, appoint provincial governors and the chief of the armed forces. His prime minister was known as unassuming and soft-spoken but was a Sindhi.Before handing over the power to the new government and lifting the martial law, Zia got the new legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of 1977. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the, which granted ' s' to the president to dissolve the Parliament.
However, this amendment considerably reduced the power he'd previously granted himself to dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment permitted Zia to dissolve the Parliament only if the government had been toppled by a vote of no confidence and it was obvious that no one could form a government or the government could not function in a constitutional manner. Economic policy.
See also:In general Zia gave economic development and policy a fairly low priority (aside from Islamization) and delegating its management to technocrats such as Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Aftab Qazi and Vaseem Jaffrey.However, between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%—the highest in the world at that time—thanks in large part to remittances from the overseas workers, rather than government policy. The first year of Zia's government coincided with a dramatic rise in remittances, which totalled $3.2 billion/year for most of the 1980s, accounted for 10 percent of Pakistans's GDP; 45 percent of its current account receipts, and 40 percent of total foreign exchange earnings.By the time General Zia had initiated the coup against Prime Minister, the economic cycle process of program was completed. The socialist orientation and nationalisation program was slowly reversed; the idea of was heavily favoured by President Zia-ul-Haq to direct the authoritarianism in the nationalised industries. One of his well-known and earliest initiatives were aimed to the which featured the Interest-free. No actions towards privatising the industries were ordered by President Zia; only three steel mill industries were returned to its previous owners.By the end of 1987, the had begun studying the process of engaging the gradual privatisation and economic liberalisation.Soviet-Afghan War and Strategic initiatives Soviet invasion and Soviet–Afghan War. Main article:On 25 December 1979, the (USSR).
Main article:The 'primary' policy,or 'centerpiece' of Zia's government was 'Sharization' or 'Islamization'.In 1977, prior to the coup, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, along with nightclubs, and horse racing was banned by Prime Minister Bhutto in an effort to stem the tide of street Islamization.Zia went much further, committing himself to enforce Nizam-e-Mustafa ('Rule of the prophet' or Islamic System, i.e. Establishing an Islamic state and law ), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly, inherited from the British.In his first televised speech to the country as head of state Zia declared thatPakistan which was created in the name of Islam will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of an Islamic system as an essential prerequisite for the country.In the past he complained, 'Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam.' Zia established 'Sharia Benches' in each High Court (later the Federal Sharia Court) to judge legal cases using the teachings of the Quran and the Sunna, and to bring Pakistan's legal statutes into alignment with Islamic doctrine.Zia bolstered the influence of the (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties.10,000s of activists from the party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing. Conservative (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.Islamisation was a sharp change from Bhutto's original philosophical rationale captured in the slogan, '.In Zia's view, socialist economics and a secular-socialist orientation served only to upset Pakistan's natural order and weaken its moral fibre. General Zia defended his policies in an interview in 1979 given to British journalist Ian Stephens:The basis of Pakistan was Islam. Muslims of the subcontinent are a separate culture.
It was on the Two-Nation Theory that this part was carved out of the Subcontinent as Pakistan. Bhutto's way of flourishing in this Society was by eroding its moral fiber. By pitching students against teachers, children against their parents, landlord against tenants, workers against mill owners. Pakistan has economic difficulties because Pakistanis have been made to believe that one can earn without working. We are going back to Islam not by choice but by the force of circumstances. It is not I or my government that is imposing Islam.
It was what 99 percent of people wanted; the street violence against Bhutto reflected the people's desire. — General Zia-ul-HaqHow much of Zia's motivation came from piety and how much from political calculation is disputed.One author points out that Zia was conspicuously silent on the dispute between the heterodox Zikri and the 'Ulama in Balochistan where he needed stability.Secular and leftist forces accused Zia of manipulating Islam for political ends.According to Nusrat Bhutto, former First Lady of Pakistan:The.
Horrors of 1971 war. Are (still) alive and vivid in the hearts and the minds of people of Pakistan.Therefore, General Zia insanely. To ensure the survival of his own regime. — Nusrat Bhutto,How much success Zia had using state-sponsored Islamisation to strengthen national cohesion is also disputed. Religious riots broke out in 1983 and 1984.
Sectarian divisions between and worsened over the issue of the 1979 ordinance, but differences in jurisprudence also arose in marriage and divorce, inheritance and wills and imposition of hadd punishments.Among Sunni Muslims, and also had disputes. Zia favoured Deobandi doctrine and the Sufi of (who were Barelvi) joined the anti-Zia. Hudood Ordinance. Main article:In one of his first and most controversial measures to Islamize Pakistani society was the replacement of parts of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) with the 1979 '.' Main article:In a 1979 address to the nation, Zia decried the and music in the country.
Soon afterwards, the national television network ceased playing music videos and only patriotic songs were broadcast. New taxes were levied on the and most of the cinemas in Lahore were shut down. New were introduced, further decreasing cinema attendances.It was under Zia and the economic prosperity of his era that the country's urban middle and lower-middle-classes expanded and Western wear and hairstyle spread in popularity, and rock music bands gained momentum, according to leftist cultural critic. Welfare of the people with disabilities During his tenure, he oversaw passing of an ordinance for the welfare of people with disabilities.
The ordinance is called 'The Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance, 1981' and it was passed into law on 29 December 1981. It provides the measures for the employment, rehabilitation and welfare of the people with disabilities. Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumours about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife.It is said by some that Zia-Junejo rift was encouraged by late Mahboob-ul-Haq and Junejo's insistence on signing Geneva pact without deciding the composition of next government of Afghanistan before Soviet withdrawal. Junejo also gave Benazir a seat next to him in parleys before that. Junejo did not strengthen the Islamization drive and rather weakened it. His era led to serious disturbances in Karachi and ultimately Karachi went into the secular control of MQM from the clutches of Sunnis Jamaat-e-Islami.blast had irreversibly weakened Zia.On 29 May 1988, Zia dissolved the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the against the wishes of Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at, on the outskirts of army headquarters in, earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal.Zia promised to hold after the dismissal of Junejo government.
He said that he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter had returned from earlier in 1986, and had announced that she would be contesting the elections.
With Bhutto's popularity somewhat growing, and a decrease in international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was in an increasingly difficult political situation.Death. Main article:Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by aircraft. The aircraft departed from and was expected to reach. Shortly after a smooth, the lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact.
In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General, close associate of Zia, Brigadier, the American Ambassador to Pakistan and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the US Military aid mission to Pakistan., the Senate chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. Conditions surrounding his death have given rise to many conspiracy theories.
There is speculation that the United States, India, the Soviet Union (in retaliation for Pakistani support of the mujahideen in ) or an alliance of them and internal groups within Zia's military were behind the incident.A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded 'the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft'. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no signal was given. There was also speculation into other facts involving the details of the investigation. A (black box) was not located after the crash and previous C-130 aircraft did have them installed.Maj. (retd), who was suspected by many circles within Pakistan and also by the then United States Ambassador to India, John Gunther Dean, for being 'extraordinarily insistent' with President Zia to visit the demonstration, is considered to be the prime suspect in the incident. He claimed later that reports of Israeli and Indian involvement in Zia's plane crash were only speculations and he rejected the statement that was given by former president Ghulam Ishaq Khan that the presidential plane was blown up in the air.
Durrani stated that Zia's plane was destroyed while landing.Lt. General, the head of Pakistan’s agency at the time, suggested that the United States might be responsible, even though the U.S. Ambassador and were also killed. He told that the Pakistani President was killed in a conspiracy involving a 'foreign power'. Grave stone of Zia's graveHis funeral was held on 19 August 1988 in. As a 21-gun salute of light artillery resounded off the lush Margalla Hills, nearly one million mourners joined in chants of 'Zia ul-Haq, you will live as long as the sun and moon remain above.'
His remains were laid to rest in a 4-by-10-foot dirt grave in front of the huge, modern that Zia had built as a symbol of Pakistani-Saudi friendship. Also in attendance was his successor President chiefs of staff of armed forces, chairman joint chiefs, and other high military and civil officials. Former US Secretary of State also laid a floral wreath at Zia's grave. Public image Even after his death, Zia-ul-Haq remained a highly polarizing and widely discussed figure in the country's intellectual and political circles.
Out of the, Zia-ul-Haq's legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy, according to the editorial written in. Historians and political scientists widely discussed and studied his policy making skills, some authors noting him as ' The Ringmaster', ' Master of Illusion' and ' Master Tactician'. However, his most remembered and enduring legacy was his indirect involvement and military strategies, by supporting the, against the 's. His reign also helped the conservatives to rise at the national politics against Benazir Bhutto.
He is also noted as being one of Pakistan's most successful generals, placing the armed forces in charge of the country's affairs. During his regime, western styles in hair, clothing, and music flooded the country. The 1980s gave birth to music, which expressed in the country. Removal of name from the Constitution of Pakistan With the passing of, General Zia's name was permanently deleted from the Constitution of Pakistan. (2010), Carnegie Endowment,.
Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989), New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,. (2011), Hurst,Further reading Books about Haq's time period. (2007). (1995). Working with Zia: Pakistan's Power Politics 1977–1988.
Oxford University Press. (2001).
Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997. Oxford University Press.
(2000). Songs of Blood and Sword.
Dhaka: University Press Ltd. (2004). Penguin Books. (2002).
Atlantic Monthly Press. Duncan, Emma (1989). Breaking the Curfew: A Political Journey through Pakistan. Michael Joseph.
(1990). Pakistan's Politics: The Zia Years. Lahore: Progressive Publishers. Hussain, Syed (2000). Ayub, Bhutto, and Zia: How They Fell Victim to Their Own Plans. Lahore:. (1992).
Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy. London: Penguin. (1999). A Journey to Disillusionment. Oxford University Press. (2004).
London: Granta Books. Waseem, Mohammad (1987). Pakistan Under Martial Law, 1977-1985. Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (1992). The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story.
Cooper.Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An Army, its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999.
Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books.External links Wikiquote has quotations related to:. by Edward Jay Epstein for, September 1989. on.Military officesPreceded byof1974–1978Succeeded byPreceded by1976–1988Succeeded byPolitical officesPreceded by1978Succeeded byPreceded by1985Succeeded byPreceded by1978–1988Succeeded.